To meet the instrumental and expressive needs of group members, A major difference between aggregates and social groups is that people in aggregates, share a common purpose but generally do not interact with one another. 10. Literature on rules provide evidence that rules can impact individuals in different waysred tape can have detrimental effects on employee well-being, and rule behaviors can vary, creating potential inconsistencies for bureaucracies, employees, and even clients. Bureaucracy | Definition, Characteristics, Examples, & Facts Symbolic response Red tapewhich can be construed as dysfunctional rulescomes front of mind when it inhibits the ability to do ones job (Campbell 2019). 23 UDHR), leisure (Art. d. totalitarian, The research conducted by Stanley Milgram and his colleagues provides evidence that obedience to authority __________. three-quarters As a result, we offer potential solutions for public organizations to increase their attention to equity and reinforce their commitment to human rights. This is one of the primary reasons for the emergence of __________. d. aggregates, __________ is the term for the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise. __________ is measured by comparing a person's actual income against his or her expectations and perceptions. serve to prevent classism, racism, sexism, and ageism 0, Which type of theorist is most likely to note the scripted nature of interaction in contemporary society (for example between employees and customers in a fast-food restaurant)? For Jocelyn, the graduate sociology students have become her __________. a. the CEO or other person who comes to be associated with a bureaucratic organization, a. The goal is to empower individuals in being active participants in the process and creates rights, responsibilities, and concrete expectations. The organization of bureaucracies according to specialization implies that individuals will also have specialized knowledge and technical expertise (or, merit). likely to constitute a reference group for a person who strongly believes in the. are frequent within bureaucracy, this is an example of __________. Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes. Rishi is a member of a reading group. A a greater emphasis on sharing information 13 Q A college president need not be effective in designing promotional brochures. b. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Students walking to class, shoppers in a department store, and people lined up to buy tickets are examples of a. categories b. aggregates c. social groups d. primary groups, Katy is a member of the literature club in her college, but she neither accepts nor follows the values and norms of the club. b. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. d. coercive, Weber's term __________ refers to the process by which traditional informal and spontaneous methods of social organization are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures. Which type of theorist is most concerned with the influence of group size on the interaction among members? Civil, cultural, economic, political, or social rights all have equal status as rights because they are all inherent to the dignity of every human person. Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes_____. b. d. rules and regulations, After conducting his research, Solomon Asch concluded that __________. a. Human rights have also been incorporated into national law and are represented in most constitutions around the world. Here, the concern is whether the employees staffing government agencies are responsive to the clients the employees serve. formal organization archetype this research raises some questions concerning research ethics a. Green tape theory posits that effective rules are those that are written, have a logical means-ends relationship, are applied consistently, are optimally controlling, and have purposes that are understood (DeHart-Davis, 2009; 2017). a. groupthink d. impersonality, A school district is run by a board of elected officials, which hires a superintendent, who in turn selects principals for its schools and other administrative staff. In Webers bureaucracy, people are appointed to their positions because of meritbecause of what they can do, rather than because of who they are. a. d. social group, __________ is the term for compliance in which people follow direct orders from someone in a position of authority. Within a bureaucracy, leaders have access to information that others in the organization do not have. a. CEOs. A meta-analysis of the impact of red tape on people and organizations. A human rights framework can be used to evaluate processes and organization of institutions and their outcomes to see whether they represent fundamental human rights principles such as nondiscrimination, equity, and justice. Similarly, McGregor (1957) established Theory Y management as an alternative to the Theory X approach, which focused on giving orders and coercion for employees to perform. Which of the following concepts is based on the central idea that those who control bureaucracies not only wield power but also have an interest in retaining their power? Empowerment: Human rights are a tool to empower people to claim what they are entitled to. ingroup 3. In the early 1980s, there was a movement in the u.s. to humanize Webers bureaucracy has persisted in the public administration literature as a lens through which to analyze organizational structures. We now turn to critically assess the practice and implementation of characteristics of bureaucracynamely those related to merit and neutrality, and rulesfrom a human rights perspective and evaluate their compatibility with the HRBA. Applying the terms for problems that are frequent. a. Though writing around the same time as Weber, Mary Parker Follett took employee psychology into account and advocated for organizations to enjoy power with rather than power over its employees (Shafrtiz and Hyde 2012, 12). c. Milgram's subjects knew about the nature of the study but agreed to participate anyway With regards to rules and red tape, one stream of research may provide an antidote to the issues brought about by bureaucracys written rules: green tape. self-fulfilling prophecy secondary category Which of the following is a purpose of groups according to classical functionalist theorists? Psychology - The Biological Perspective, Communication - Writing Negative Messages Quiz level 3, Pre Exam Quiz 5; Human Development and Family Studies, Quiz Preview 10/ Psychology - Principles of Social Psychology, Quiz Facts 7' Psychology - Cognitive Functioning, Quiz Lot 2. subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants about onethird (33 percent) of the time Maynard-Moody, S. W., and M. C. Musheno. Promoting diversity and inclusion in the federal workforce: Executive order 13583 and demographic trends, Formalization and consistency heighten organizational rule following: Experimental and survey evidence, The attitudinal, behavioral, and performance outcomes of work engagement: A comparative meta-analysis across the public, semipublic, and private sector. reference group (MRP =0=0=0 for these bonds. In psychologist Jean Piaget's theory, by the _____________ stage, adolescents are able to engage in highly abstract though and understand places, things, and events they have never seen. part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes But the very same reasons that make it work as a solution to complexity also tend to be the causes behind its classic dysfunctions. Regardless, many traditions in public administration and management scholarship use Webers approach to bureaucracy as a foundation for how to analyze and understand public organizations. Ferdinand Tnnies used the term __________ to characterize a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability. We argue that a HRBA is useful in centering the values and principles of human rights and individual empowerment as a core value of bureaucratic organization and achievement, and serves as a way to evaluate the human rights affinity of current processes, afford bureaucrats human rights, and give insight on how to reform bureaucracies to make them more favorable to human rights. which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time. A corporate executive need not be able to program the department's computer system. Blom and colleagues (2021) find that red tape has multiple negative impacts on employee well-being, role clarity, perceived autonomy, commitment to and satisfaction with work, motivation, intention to stay, and work engagement. a. b. a. Centralization, along with the third element of bureaucracy relevant here, hierarchy, can work together to further the concentration of power. c. aggregate in Sociology. The first thing you can do to try to de-bureaucratize yourself is to recognize that inside of a bureaucratic organization, there's a set of behaviors that we all learn and develop because they get. Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes, The tendency for a bureaucracy to be ruled by the few is termed. These examples illustrate __________ in a bureaucratic organization. b. reference group the image a bureaucracy presents to the media Proctored Mid-Term Examination (Chapters 1 -5)Study Guide - Quizlet b. The tendency for a bureaucracy to be ruled by the few is termed. Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes a. more rigid d. secondary group, Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes________________________. In which type of group is the participation of all members crucial to the survival of the group? c. Stanley Milgram A message will be sent to your email address with instructions. Students walking to class, shoppers in a department store, and people lined up to buy tickets are examples of __________. During her last semester, she has been using graduate sociology student papers as standards in evaluating her own writing skills. c. autocracy symbolic representation Empirical analyses of equity in bureaucratic practice and examining HRBA approaches in non-Western contexts could offer interesting additional research avenues. d. aggregate, Which of these sociologists applied ideal type analysis and borrowed from the field of economics to study bureaucracies? I agree to the Terms of Use and acknowledge that I have read the Privacy Policy. Leaders using the __________ style of leadership may be praised for their expressive, supportive behavior toward group members, but they may also be blamed for being indecisive in times of crisis. d. authoritarian, Students walking to class, shoppers in a department store, and people lined up to buy tickets are examples of __________. c. hierarchy of authority We posit that a human-rights framework can be useful to achieve this goal: it prioritizes the individual and positions principles such as nondiscrimination, equality, participation, and empowerment at the center of the design and evaluation of processes and structures in institutions. Notably, perceptions of red tape can be impacted by perceptions of organizational structure, including centralization and hierarchy, elements related to Webers bureaucracy. c. hierarchy of authority Still, we hear degrading remarks about the Philippines being a Third World country. Applying the terms for problems that are frequent within bureaucracy, this is an example of __________. He also loves taking pictures of public facilities that bear signs of chronic neglect, even as he marvels at the endless patience of Filipinos who seem not to notice. d. Symbolic interactionists, A(n) __________ is an alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared objective or goal. Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes _____. a. c. accommodation Don't miss out on the latest news and information. But rule bending may also be related to power. a. 25 UDHR). The American Review of Public Administration. a. Learning The cooperative is an alternative to bureaucracy; these are collectives owned by members who collectively make decisions, determine goals, evaluate resources, set salaries, and assign work tasks. Though equity was established as important E post-Minnowbrook in 1968, and in 2005, was declared the fourth pillar of public administration by NAPA, it has yet to obtain equal status as the other three values (Norman-Major 2011). a. This is one of the primary reasons for the emergence of __________, Broad categories of __________ include banking, business, education, energy, the environment, health, labor, persons with a disability, religious groups, retired persons, women, and those espousing a specific ideological viewpoint. Please try again. We first present an overview of Webers bureaucratic theory and introduce relevant critiques. This was a concern of the human relations movement and the likes of Follett, Mayo, and McGregor. c. Expressive formal A HRBA brings structural issues such as inequality, discrimination, and exclusion into focus. Its easy to warm up to him. Given discussed critiques by the human relations movement and representative bureaucracy that bring employees back to the fore, we questioned whether these characteristics are compatible with the growing recognition of human rights. Accountability and transparency: States and other duty-bearers such as bureaucracies must be transparent about their decision-making processes, actions, and omissions, and put redress mechanisms in place. c. when it comes to encouraging compliance, groups wield very little power over individuals a. Raghu, who is authoritative and makes major decisions for his team on his own b. Anna, who only provides inputs to her subordinates and leaves them to make their own decisions c. Kevin, who never participates in decision making and asks his subordinates to make decisions d. Hannah, who encourages feedback from her subordinates and gets a consensus from them before making any important decision, a. Raghu, who is authoritative and makes major decisions for his team on his own. groupthink significant others d. operational group, Two best friends, married couples, and domestic partnerships are each an example of a(n) __________. States therefore regulate labor rights and are asked to ensure equal pay for equal work, to provide basic education, to establish a social network, and to cover basic needs, such as housing, food, and medical care. The Pendleton Act of 1883, brought about by the assassination of James A. Garfield by someone denied a patronage appointment, mandated that federal positions be filled based on merit and not patronage practices. employees' interaction with each other while at work Chapter 5 Questions Flashcards | Quizlet b. b. the concentration of power in the hands of organizational leaders. A. a. postmodern theorists Notably, and consistent with this view, Webers opening sentence to the essay about bureaucracy (1946, 146)Modern officialdom functions in the following specific mannerindicates description rather than prescription. sociology week 7 (ch. 5 & 6) Flashcards | Quizlet 10+ part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes most standard Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes. The International Journal of Human Rights, Unbureaucratic behavior among street-level bureaucrats: The case of the German state police, Obtrusive, obstinate and conspicuous: Red tape from a Heideggerian perspective, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, Putting the rights-based approach to development into perspective, FREDA: A human rights-based approach to healthcare, Green tape: A theory of effective organizational rules, Creating effective rules in public sector organizations, In praise of bureaucracy: Weber-organization-ethics, A review of the impact of the human rights in healthcare programme in England and Wales, The human rights-based approach to development: The right to water, Red tape, organizational performance, and employee outcomes: Meta-analysis, meta-regression, and research agenda. a. the CEO or other person who comes to be associated with a bureaucratic organization b. the image a bureaucracy presents to the media c.an employee who is more concerned with following the rules than getting the job done d. employees' interaction with each other while at work c. d. informal structure, The sociologist who first defined the differences between primary and secondary groups is __________. d. category, Women with blue eyes, people who wear contact lenses, people over 7 feet tall, and college men who belong to a fraternity are each an example of a(n) __________. b. 4 Free The people who are paid to influence legislation on behalf of specific cli. I assured him that PhilHealth is better run nowadays and though it might take a while to process the claim, he would eventually get his reimbursement. In his study of bureaucracies, Weber relied on an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy). a. a married couple or domestic partnership of two people An organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters is called a(n) __________. The sociologist who first defined the differences between primary and secondary groups is __________. The human relations movement cared about the treatment of employees, identifying more social elements of the workplace that can influence their productivity. c. putting organizational needs above competing responsibilities. The group meets every Wednesday to read works of literature and analyze them. Sociologists term this awareness __________. part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes charles monat glassdoor television without pity replacement June 29, 2022 capita email address for references 0 hot topics in landscape architecture Our analysis shows that even though equity is considered one of the four pillars of public administration, it is severely lacking in public organizations. Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes - Brainly b. grassroots informal group Weber relied on an abstract model that described the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy) a. Keiser, L. R., V. M. Wilkins, K. J. Meier, and C. A. Holland. Strengths and weaknesses in a human rights-based approach to international developmentAn analysis of a rights-based approach to development assistance based on practical experiences. d. social control, The text points out that ingroup and outgroup distinctions______________________. Call 896 6000. 8. d. Instrumental, The text uses the expression "bureaucracy's other face" to refer to __________. c. bureaucracy's invisible quality The right to freedom of speech, for example, limits the ability of the state to regulate personal opinion or interfere in private matters. ______ leadership provides emotional support for members. Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes________________________. c. secondary group Editorial. c. social group Relational They do not truly consider the actual situation of humans within these organizations, their need, desires, and rights. d. the size of the group has little influence on the extent to which individuals respond to group pressure, b. Yet the staff managed to get it done within an hour. He talks effusively about the kindness of the average Filipino, and the relaxed atmosphere he finds in almost every community he visits. b. primary group Which of these questions best describes the interests of ethnomethodologists? SOLUTION: GED 216 California Coast University The Context of Social McGregor believed that employee motivation came from the degree of autonomy and responsibility one has over their work (Bobic and Davis 2003). social control A sample of 30 single-family houses listed for sale in Silver Spring, Maryland, a suburb of Washington, DC, is selected. A person's class (socioeconomic status based on a person's education, occupation, and income) is the most significant predictor of whether a person will participate in a mainstream __________ organization.. helping employees focus on work all secondary groups are approximately the same size c. conflict theorists Then he e-mailed me to say that he had been sick, and to ask if there was any hope of getting reimbursement from PhilHealth. Leaders using the __________ style of leadership are only minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions. Total institutions, such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals, are examples of __________. Which of the following is NOT one of the categories that he identified? Equity in this context is grounded in distributive justice and strives to create equality of opportunity and to counter suppression or marginalization based on specific characteristics, such as gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, age, disability, or socioeconomic status. The informal activities within a bureaucracy. 2019, 238). Generally, the state as the duty holder has three obligations (OHCHR): Obligation to respect: States must refrain from interfering with or curtailing the enjoyment of human rights. Without a human-centered approach, scholars and organizations are missing important opportunities to strengthen the fourth pillar of public administration and reaping the benefits of being a human rights-based organization. The discovery of feral children is important because they show the relevance of: The ______ is the most important agent of socialization in all societies. conformity In this case, 100 refers to the Senates ___________ size. b. Joe would be considered the __________ leader of the group. The focus on technical proficiency and specialization from a structural standpoint has human rights implications, as well. A component of a formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency: Which definition describes the term emotional labor? b. As we showed, research on merit and neutrality in the public sector relates to bureaucracys emphasis on technical proficiency, specialization, and some form of promotion. An individual is removed from their position on the receiving end and can actively pursue what is their right. Which of these characteristics do virtual communities and face-to-face communities have in common? For both Mayo and McGregor, productivity lay in employees who are motivated, and motivation stems not from formal organizational structure, managerial orders, or written rules, but instead, from feeling part of something bigger and having control over their work. formal group Weber on bureaucracy: Management consultant or political theorist? A college president need not be effective in designing promotional brochures. a. political action committees b. the power elite, a. Together, these streams of research show that the bureaucratic principles related to rules are inconsistent with various elements of the HRBA, specifically, and equity broadly. For economic, social, and cultural rights, state interference is sought: the government is asked to protect individuals against human rights violations. Achieving equity in public organizations entails not only acknowledging existing inequalities and issues, but also active engagement toward a more equitable bureaucratic structure and addressing underlying structural conditions, such as education, living standards, and employment access. Second, rules may be used differently by different people, and they may be applied in such a way that excludes certain groups of people, thereby not respecting the principle of nondiscrimination and, especially in terms of the latter, access and agency by underrepresented groups. c. formal group Weiss (1983) argues that Parsonss 1937 interpretation of Weber resulted in a prescriptive understanding of bureaucracy and concludes that Weber was never trying to give advice on how best to structure organizations (p. 247). The one-year bond matures one year from today, the two-year bond matures two years from today, and so forth. Green tape, by virtue of being written and having understood purposes help to empower people and all of these helps increase transparency and accountability. Instrumental These bonds are considered risk-free, so the rates given here are risk-free rates (rRF)\left(\mathrm{r}_{\mathrm{RF}}\right)(rRF). In addition, this emphasis on merit and neutrality may not be consistent with participation and access, particularly to higher level jobs that carry more status by underrepresented employees who may experience discrimination. Transitional It also does not consider indirect or systemic discrimination, which is often at the core deciding access and participation. The informal structure has also been called ____ ___ b/c it includes the ideology and practices of workers on the job. Rishi identifies with the group members and feels a sense of belonging with them. Power elites, A message will be sent to your email address with instructions, Although __________ theorists acknowledge that the government serves a number of important purposes in society, they assert that government exists for the benefit of wealthy or politically powerful elites who use the government to impose their will on the masses, A strength of the _____ perspective on culture is its focus on the needs of society and the fact that stability is essential for society's continued survival, Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes________________________, The people who are paid to influence legislation on behalf of specific clients are referred to as: Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes a greater emphasis on sharing ideas and problem-solving approaches. Early work on representative bureaucracy focused on social class (Kingsley 1944; his work focused on the British civil service), but contemporary work focuses relevant characteristics such as gender and race (e.g., Keiser et al. He is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. Every decision entails taking risks of some sort, and ordinary employees may not always be prepared to go the extra mile to assist a stranger. Indeed, managers who are unwilling to delegate impede employee participation in decision making and goal setting and restrict information flow (Pandey and Rainey 2006) (Kaufmann et al. c. Obedience The manager tries to fill in but doesn't know how to run the drive-through intercom or broiler. Human rights are applicable everywhere, for everyone, and at all times, and should not be limited except through the human rights of others or in times of emergency. A number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic, such as education level, age, race, or gender, is called a(n) __________. b. d. Dyadic, The supervisor of the office has been informed that Sarah consistently extends her lunch hour by 30 minutes. We trace two areas of bureaucracy theory that are widely found in public organizationsmerit and neutrality, and rulesthrough the lens of the HRBA. Through their work, bureaucracies have multiple different spheres of influence in which they can incorporate human rights principles: within the public organization, in regard to the direct relations to the people they serve, the stakeholders they interact with, the community, and the society at large. The emphasis on technical proficiency, which requires that bureaucrats have training and expertise for the position in which they are hired. It prioritizes the human over other potential markers (e.g., efficiency) and assesses the impact of any action or intervention on human dignity (London 2008; Schmitz 2012; Uvin 2007). Review of Public Personnel Administration. This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (, Legitimacy of Algorithmic Decision-Making: Six Threats and the Need for a Calibrated Institutional Response, Leadership Behavior Repertoire: An Exploratory Study of the Concept and Its Potential for Understanding Leadership in Public Organizations, Administrative Burden: Untangling a Bowl of Conceptual Spaghetti, Enhancing the Effectiveness of Public Sector Performance Regimes: A Proposed Causal Model for Aligning Governance Design with Performance Logics, The Behavioral Foundations of Representative Bureaucracy, About Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, About the Public Management Research Association, How to Make Bureaucracies More Human-Rights Friendly, https://www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/human_rights_indicators_en.pdf, https://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/business/pages/srsgtranscorpindex.aspx, https://unsdg.un.org/2030-agenda/universal-values/human-rights-based-approach, https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model, Symposium Issue on Reappraising Bureaucracy in the 21st Century, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Public Management Research Association.

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