The massacre marked a turning point in the French Wars of Religion. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [45] At the higher end are total figures of up to 20,000,[46] or 30,000 in total, from "a contemporary, non-partisan guesstimate" quoted by the historians Felipe Fernndez-Armesto and D. In the Jew of Malta (158990) "Machievel" in person speaks the Prologue, claiming to not be dead, but to have possessed the soul of the Duke of Guise, "And, now the Guise is dead, is come from France/ To view this land, and frolic with his friends" (Prologue, lines 34)[74] His last play, The Massacre at Paris (1593) takes the massacre, and the following years, as its subject, with Guise and Catherine both depicted as Machiavellian plotters, bent on evil from the start. Elizabeth (queen of England, 1558-1603) ", This page was last edited on 23 April 2023, at 14:41. People 1. Giovanni Michiel, from A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre From The Religious Peace of Augsburg Reform in the Catholic World History 104 / January 16, 2013 I. Jesuit general from 1565 to 1572. [57] Protestant countries were horrified at the events, and only the concentrated efforts of Catherine's ambassadors, including a special mission by Gondi, prevented the collapse of her policy of remaining on good terms with them. He stayed in Paris for three days and made eleven speeches. View western civ 14&15.docx from SOC MISC at North Carolina Wesleyan College. [80] Apart from Anjou, the others were all Italian advisors at the French court. Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day, massacre of French Huguenots (Protestants) in Paris on August 24/25, 1572, plotted by Catherine de Medici and carried out by Roman Catholic nobles and other citizens. The news of the massacre was welcomed by Philip II of Spain, and Pope Gregory XIII had a medal struck to celebrate the event. Catherine de' Medici, also called Catherine de Mdicis, Italian Caterina de' Medici, (born April 13, 1519, Florence [Italy]died January 5, 1589, Blois, France), queen consort of Henry II of France (reigned 1547-59) and subsequently regent of France (1560-74), who was one of the most influential personalities of the Catholic-Huguenot wars. [11], In the years preceding the massacre, Huguenot political rhetoric had for the first time taken a tone against not just the policies of a particular monarch of France, but monarchy in general. The Peace of Augsburg (1555) From Pursuit of Power:Venetian Ambassadors' Reports on Spain, Turkey and Francein the Age of Phillip II, 1560-1600, by James C. Davis (New York:-HarperCollins, 1970),pp. List of ambassadors of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines to the United Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) AP and Pre-AP are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, these products. The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. Political Responses . The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - Macmillan Learning AUGUST 24, 1572-ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S DAY by the Catholic calendar-is an . While the Queen Mother was eating dinner, Protestants burst in to demand justice, some talking in menacing terms. Report to the Venetian senate on the wounding of the admiral / Giovanni Michiel (1572) -- 17. Review and, 1.Which printmaking process is the most direct for translating the gestures of the hand? The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . Protestant countries were horrified at the events, and only the concentrated efforts of Catherine's ambassadors, including a special mission by Gondi, prevented the collapse of her policy of remaining on good terms with them. King from 1556 to 1598. 34. [82][pageneeded]. Despite the large numbers of pamphlets and broadsheets in circulation, literacy rates were still poor. ), pp. 136, Alexander the Great and the Limits of Conquest 150, Hellenistic Architecture in the Near East (c. 175 C.E.) [24][pageneeded] The tension that had been building since the Peace of St. Germain now exploded in a wave of popular violence. or for his suggestion that there was a direct connection between these ill-gotten gains and the massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day. 1. The murder of thous We are processing your request. The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. Thenceforth the Huguenots abandoned John Calvins principle of obedience to the civil magistratethat is, to the royal authorityand adopted the view that rebellion and tyrannicide were justifiable under certain circumstances. Turning to the queen, Admiral de Coligny said, "Madame, the king refuses to involve himself 1 Two . CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Huguenots - New Advent According to Reuters and the Associated Press, at a late-night vigil, with the hundreds of thousands of young people who were in Paris for the celebrations, he made the following comments: "On the eve of Aug. 24, we cannot forget the sad massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, an event of very obscure causes in the political and religious history of France. The Council of Trent (meets 1545-1563) According to Thierry Wanegffelen, the member of the royal family with the most responsibility in this affair is Henry, Duke of Anjou, the king's ambitious younger brother. FROM A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre The struggle for supremacy in northern Italy, which marked the last half of the fif- teenth century, gave rise to a new form of diplomacy, including structures and pro- cedures that would be fundamental to relations among all modern states. [48], Among the slain were the philosopher Petrus Ramus, and in Lyon the composer Claude Goudimel. [50] The pope ordered a Te Deum to be sung as a special thanksgiving (a practice continued for many years after) and had a medal struck with the motto Ugonottorum strages 1572 (Latin: "Overthrow (or slaughter) of the Huguenots 1572") showing an angel bearing a cross and a sword before which are the felled Protestants. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre: Causes, Events, Impact - ThoughtCo 34. Became a Roman Catholic to bring political peace to his country Guise Family Leaders of the Roman Catholic faction during the Wars of Religion on France What was significant about the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre to the Wars of Religion on France? Like Coligny, most potential candidates for elimination were accompanied by groups of gentlemen who served as staff and bodyguards, so murdering them would also have involved killing their retainers as a necessity. The dates are in Garrison, p. 139, who adds, Holt (2005 ed. Earlier Huguenot rage at Nimes (in 1567) led to the massacre of twenty-four Catholics, mostly priests and prominent laymen, at the hands of their Protestant neighbours. His only surviving work is the best known depiction of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. Roberts, Yvonne. Lesson 4 - A Venetian Ambassafor's Report on St. Bartholomew's Day Report by the merchants' provost (Aug. 23, 1572) -- 19. 5 In 1546 the Venetian ambassador, Mariano Cavalli, estimated the . The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . The Guise family (strongly Catholic) was out of favour at the French court; the Huguenot leader, Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, was readmitted into the king's council in September 1571. [36], In the cities affected, the loss to the Huguenot communities after the massacres was numerically far larger than those actually killed; in the following weeks there were mass conversions to Catholicism, apparently in response to the threatening atmosphere for Huguenots in these cities. [92], Some, like Leonie Frieda, emphasise the element within the mob violence of the "haves" being "killed by the 'have-nots'". The Swiss mercenaries expelled the Protestant nobles from the Louvre castle and then slaughtered them in the streets. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre - New Advent Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent 32. cuius regio, eius religio Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day . The corpses floating down the Rhne from Lyon are said to have put the people of Arles off drinking the water for three months. Essay 14-17 - Essay Question, Category A Giovanni Michiel, "A Venetian He wrote a strongly anti-Catholic and anti-French play based on the events entitled The Massacre at Paris. Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre . C. The third round, France : Calvinists vs. Catholics Franois Dubois - Wikipedia "[28] A jubilee celebration, including a procession, was then held, while the killings continued in parts of the city. [49], The Politiques, those Catholics who placed national unity above sectarian interests, were horrified, but many Catholics inside and outside France initially regarded the massacres as deliverance from an imminent Huguenot coup d'etat. That was interpreted by the Parisians as a sign of divine blessing and approval to these multiple murders,[22] and on the same day at night, a group led by Guise in person dragged Admiral Coligny from his bed, killed him, and threw his body out of a window. Shortly after this decision, the municipal authorities of Paris were summoned. Lasting several weeks in all, the massacre expanded outward to the countryside and other urban centres. Gregory XIII (1572 to 1585) Francis Borgia (1510 -1572). Ordinary lay Catholics were involved in the mass killings; they believed they were executing the wishes of the king and of God. Giacomo Meyerbeer's opera Les Huguenots (1836), very loosely based on the events of the massacre, was one of the most popular and spectacular examples of French grand opera. A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. The massacre caused a "major international crisis". Coligny's brother-in-law led a 4,000-strong army camped just outside Paris[15] and, although there is no evidence it was planning to attack, Catholics in the city feared it might take revenge on the Guises or the city populace itself. Summary: A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in France's sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. [5] The royal marriage was arranged for 18 August 1572. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre ( French: Massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion. One of the first victims was Coligny, who was killed under the supervision of Henry de Guise himself. 30. Essay Questions:Bartholomew's Day Massacre? Lesson 1 - French Wars of Religion Unit 6 Flashcards | Quizlet We are happy to offer free Achieve access in addition to the physical sample you have selected. Mons; Sommires; Sancerre; La Rochelle, War of the Three Henrys (158589) Coutras; Vimory; Day of the Barricades, Succession of Henry IV of France (158994) World History Chapter 16 Flashcards | Quizlet 9395 for a different emphasis. Protestant Resistance Theory: The Wake-Up Call for the French and their Neighbors, 1574 . St. Bartholomew's Day massacre - Wikipedia Christians did things which the Gospel condemns. How Did the Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day Start? [49], The French 18th-century historian Louis-Pierre Anquetil, in his Esprit de la Ligue of 1767, was among the first to begin impartial historical investigation, emphasizing the lack of premeditation (before the attempt on Coligny) in the massacre and that Catholic mob violence had a history of uncontrollable escalation. Huguenots in Rouen, Lyon, Bourges, Orlans, and Bordeaux were among the victims. Though no details of the meeting survive, Charles IX and his mother apparently made the decision to eliminate the Protestant leaders. 72- . [87], Historians cite the extreme tension and bitterness that led to the powder-keg atmosphere of Paris in August 1572. Painting of the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre in Paris / Franois Dubois -- 20. The bodies of the dead were collected in carts and thrown into the Seine. To placate the angry Huguenots, the government agreed to investigate the assassination attempt. Political Responses . Here, he is relating the events leading up to the Massacre and the orders of the Queen of France, Catherine de'Medici. FROM A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 589,. 81, Hippocrates From On Airs, Waters, and Places 93, Herodotus From The Histories: The Second Persian Invasion of Greece 100, Thucydides From The Peloponnesian Wars 106, Vase Depicting a Slave, Perhaps in a Scene from a Greek Play (c. 450 B.C.E.) But kill them all! This change was soon picked up by Huguenot writers, who began to expand on Calvin and promote the idea of the sovereignty of the people, ideas to which Catholic writers and preachers responded fiercely. German leagues at war vs. Charles V Over the centuries, the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre has aroused a great deal of controversy. 154, The Jewish Encounter with Hellenism: The Maccabees' Rebellion 161, Chapter 5 The Civilization of Ancient Rome 169, A Mummy from the Time of the roman empire (100 C.E.) Staunch Catholics were shocked by the return of Protestants to the court, but the queen mother, Catherine de' Medici, and her son, Charles IX, were practical in their support of peace and Coligny, as they were conscious of the kingdom's financial difficulties and the Huguenots' strong defensive position: they controlled the fortified towns of La Rochelle, La Charit-sur-Loire, Cognac, and Montauban. This was a massacre on Huguenots. 31. The Council of Trent (meets 1545-1563) C. Renewed power for the Roman Inquisition For work more useful in explaining the nature and causes of popular . "[52], Although these formal acts of rejoicing in Rome were not repudiated publicly, misgivings in the papal curia grew as the true story of the killings gradually became known. GIOVANNI MICHIEL FROMA Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre The struggle for supremacyin northern Italy, which marked the last half of thefif- teenthcentury, gave rise to a new form of diplomacy, including structures and pro- cedures that wouldbe fundamental to relations amongall modern states. Following the failed assassination attack against the Admiral de Coligny (which Wanegffelen attributes to the Guise family and Spain), the Italian advisers of Catherine de' Medici undoubtedly recommended in the royal council the execution of about fifty Protestant leaders. The Venetian government refused to allow the work to be printed there, and it was eventually published in Rome in 1574, and in the same year quickly reprinted in Geneva in the original Italian and a French translation.[70]. From the Venetian ambassador Giovanni Michiel's, harsh report, people might imagine the relationship of religion to politics and political. Follett completely clears King Charles IX and his mother Catherine of any complicity and depicts them as sincere proponents of religious toleration, caught by surprise and horrified by the events; he places the entire responsibility on the Guise Family, following the "Machiavellian" view of the massacre and depicting it as a complicated Guise conspiracy, meticulously planned in advance and implemented in full detail. Catholic Reform - Purdue University Elizabeth restores the Church of England (1558- ) For the, Attempted assassination of Admiral de Coligny, Holt (2005), pp. Orlans, Meaux, Angers, La Charit, Saumur, Gaillac and Troyes. The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre by Franois Dubois. [93] At least one Huguenot was able to buy off his would-be murderers. Garrison, pp. Henry VIII (king of England, 1509-1547) Ostara publications. Corrections? C. Renewed power for the Roman Inquisition The attempt on Admiral Colignys life four days later failed; he was only wounded. King Charles IX ordered the killing of a group of Huguenot leaders, including Coligny, and the slaughter spread throughout Paris. Useful pedagogic aids include headnotes and gloss notes to the documents, a list of major figures, a chronology of key events, questions for consideration, a selected bibliography, and an index. [58] Even Tsar Ivan the Terrible expressed horror at the carnage in a letter to the Emperor. Catherine de Medici, the mother of Charles, feared Admiral Colignys growing influence over her son. It is difficult today to determine the exact chronology of events, or to know the precise moment the killing began. [34] In some cities the massacres were led by the mob, while the city authorities tried to suppress them, and in others small groups of soldiers and officials began rounding up Protestants with little mob involvement. It was in this context that the massacre came to be seen as a product of Machiavellianism, a view greatly influenced by the Huguenot Innocent Gentillet, who published his Discours contre Machievel in 1576, which was printed in ten editions in three languages over the next four years. It was one event in the series of civil wars between Roman Catholics and Huguenots that beset France in the late 16th century. Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day - Britannica The Vincentian ambassador in Washington, D. C. is the official representative of the Government in the Kingstown to the Government of the United States. 2. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - BFW Pub

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