There may be sound reasons for prohibiting certain food items as we have demonstrated in this paper, but declaring some food items taboo can equally well be a form of suppression by a more dominant sector of the society. J Am Diet Assoc. in Greece | The Greece Tipping Guide Harris M: Good to eat Riddles of food and culture. It can be seen from these remarks that a discussion of food taboos is possible in a variety of ways with a variety of foci. The author declares that he has no competing interests. 10.1016/j.appet.2007.07.002. Research stays in India of 2 months (Meghalaya and Nagaland) and three weeks (Karnataka and Goa) during sabbaticals in 1990 and 2005 as well as a Brahmin Indian wife further helped gathering the necessary information for the section on Hindu food taboos. Feta is wrapped in filo pastry before oven baked and honey is drizzled over it. The concept of re-incarnation and the sanctity of life lies at the root of these food taboos, but resource conservation and safe-guarding health play a role as well. Recipe > Yemista (Greek Stuffed Tomatoes and Peppers). Its truly amazing that so many amazing foods exist in Greece. Sorry, I didnt Google to see if they are still there. I love saganaki often when you go to a greek restaurant they will give you table some and it dissaperes in less It s from Turkish cuisine. (function(d, s, id) { The non-selected foods may therefore be declared food taboos by society. by gayle | Dec 27, 2019 | Articles, Cultural Clues, Do's & Taboo's. It often comes with either rice or fried potatoes. Chapman M: Environmental influences on the development of traditional conservation in the South Pacific region. Traditionally, this dish is served as appetizer with lemon wedges. J Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine 5, 18 (2009). 10.1007/BF02692158. Spanikopita or otherwise known as Greek spinach pie is a traditional yet delicious recipe. 10.1126/science.142303. When married, they, like their wives, can no longer eat fresh, but only smoked meat. These fritters have rough edges with bits of mint, tomato and onion chunks. Article We just know some global famous dishes. PubMed How do you make the claim of where any particular dish originate, which is correct and which came first? Declaring certain foods taboo because they are thought to make a person sick, is also the basis for the many food taboos affecting pregnant women. Yiaourti Me Meli literally means yogurt with honey. Food taboos are usually understood as rules that should never be lapsed (Lien 2004; Meyer-Rochow 2009 ), and when transgressed, cause inevitable pollution and call for retribution and ritual purification (Douglas 2003 [1966]). Do you have any restaurant recommendations? The main ingredient used in this recipe is various types of cheese (feta cheese mostly). It follows that by eating an animal, a Hindu could indeed, to put it bluntly, be eating a deceased relative. Not always are the dietary laws clear and explicit and there is often room for interpretation, especially with regard to insects as food. Thank you for sharing all of the amazing, traditional foods one visiting Greece must try. The saying "You are what you eat" is explicitly mentioned in the Bhagavad Gita (Chapter 17: [31]): "Foods in the mode of goodness increase the duration of life, purify one's existence and give strength, health, happiness and satisfaction. This age old Greek dessert is made of crispy phyllo sprinkled with melted butter. Occasionally, ubiquitous food taboos become suspended or are enforced periodically as with the Friday for the Catholic Christians, when no meat but fish only is to be consumed and the pre-Easter weeks of lent, when meat of warm-blooded animals should not be eaten. Most religions declare certain food items fit and others unfit for human consumption. They are all look great but Unfortunately more than half of the foods are listed belong to Turkiye. Indeed an informative post! Food cooked more than three hours before being eaten, which is tasteless, stale, putrid, decomposed and unclean, is food liked by people in the mode of ignorance". Mediterranean food is packed full of bold flavors, fresh ingredients, and exciting new tastes. Recipe >Halva (A Greek Sweet Using Semolina). Sauce is tzatziki usually, because sauce is an actual sauce in Greece. Part of 2004, 28 Suppl 1: 221-227. Since all animals are considered to possess spirits, many Orang Asli will start their weaned children of more than 4 years of age on small animals: fish, frogs, toads, small birds and water snails. I want to try everything! However, irrespective of the God-given rules or advice, people must have noticed changes in the behaviour of persons that consumed certain food items. Social anthropological research on eating and food taboos (cf., reviews [711]) has frequently invoked utilitarian [79] and magico-religious motives [10] or seen the dichotomy between positive and negative rites as a basis for food taboos [11, 12]. 2003, 133: 829s-830s. In the words of Drewnowski and Levine [80]: "There is a need for further discussions of the economics of food choice". Soc Sci Med. 2008, 20: 3-25. Springer Nature. Quora The food in Greece is served with mixed green salad dressed with wine vinegar and virgin olive oil. Traditional Greek drinks raki, tsipouro, wine, retsina, ouzo are made to be enjoyed with food. 10.1525/aa.1966.68.5.02a00130. We are planning to go to Athens, Naxos and Santorini. Edited by: Wigodor G. 1974, Jerusalem, Keter Publ, Chapter 3 (pt 4): 165-175. Soc Sci Med. Beef. Believe me I havent found anything like this before. Hindu religious thought with its belief of re-incarnation even goes a step further and basically does not distinguish between human and animal with regard to their souls only the packaging is seen to differ. Special 6-day food taboos may be "prescribed" by a medicine man for any sick person that seeks his advice. Bougatsa is a kind of sweet pie (less sweet if you consider Greek standard) made of phyllo pastry & semolina custard. Furthermore, many orthodox Brahmins abstain from cooking or eating onion and garlic as they are said to increase passions like anger and sex drive. Human flesh is never eaten and animals, which the Orang Asli have kept as pets or have reared, are also protected. These taboos are not created equal. In fact, the vast majority of all food taboos come under this group of "specific events" and one of its various sub-categories. Its interesting to know that there is a cookie called Amygdalota in Greece that uses almond as the main ingredient. This is another sign of the versatile nature of Greek food. 2002, 31: 99-119. Read Also: Examples of Food, Culture and Religious Taboos around the World. Ann Rev Ecol Syst. In some Arab nations, you can still get itthe UAE hasnt banned it, but it may not be readily available in some countries like Iran and Saudi Arabia, where its forbidden. Food taboos and food habits can persist for a very long time and can be (and have been) made use of in identifying cultural and historical relationships between human populations [76, 77]. This mouthwatering vegetable dish, made with yellow split peas,is mostly popular on theGreek island of Santorini, however, remains dominant in terms of popularity all across Greece. Lord Krishna compared the community to a human body, in which the Brahmin caste represents the head, and the others the arms, legs and bowels. js.src = "//forms.aweber.com/form/38/171662838.js"; Flavors of Greek food changes with season and geography. 2004, 126: 167-175. WebFood taboos arise mainly on the basis of religious or cultural scruples some evolve from other forms of collective experience. Google Scholar, Douglas M: Purity and danger: an analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo. In addition to these food taboos, different ones, affecting men, also exist. This beloved traditional Greek food is prepared in less than 10 minutes while using only two ingredientsflour & cheese. In many parts fresh milk is avoided by adults, although for the Masai, Fulbe, Nuba and other East African groups this commodity is thought to represent a particularly wholesome food for young men and warriors [29]. There have been mutual influences in food all over the world over centuries and even millennia, nothing is truly original. Meyer-Rochow, V.B. Amygdalota is gluten-free almond cookie that is wildly popular in Greece and are the perfect match to a warm cup of Greek coffee. With their unique sound, Greek musicians entice revelers to dance traditional horas, or circle dances, and line dances. This blog is really very interesting and effective.Keep it up..!!! Annu Rev Anthropol. Excellent list. about food prejudice and stereotypes Even in the U.S., where turtle soup was once a delicacy, you wont find it on most menus anymore. 10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.032702.131011. I am going there next month so I am doing my research about Greece. But, of course, Greek family traditions extend beyond just the happy times. From Pelion (Volos), spetsofai is cooked with sausages, Florinas peppers, eggplant, zucchini, onions, and tomatoes. taboos statement and Cacik often has sumac and its more watery. I love Mediterranean food, but have tried a few out of this list baklavas, stuffed grape leaves with rice stuffing, gyros. Years ago a student asked me the following question: "Why don't all animals eat the same kinds of food?" Wait, it is not done yet. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, cramps, and maybe death, whether rightly or wrongly, were frequently considered to be some of the after-effects of ingesting certain foods [41]. In Europe and other places without bug eating traditions, munching on insects is considered taboo because they are perceived as dirty and Amazon and coastal fishermen, for example, declare mostly carnivorous, especially piscivorous, fishes taboo: we know now that their place high in the food pyramid renders them particular rich in contaminants and toxins [17]. 10.1146/annurev.es.09.110178.002025. Food, thus, becomes sanctified and is called 'Prasad' (i.e., God's Mercy), which is then partaken. Pasteli is a Greek cusine made of mainly two components; honey and sesame seeds. <3, greek foods greatly influenced eastern foods not the other way around, All my favorite foods! 1998, 57 (`): 2-3. There are three different tastes of Ellinikos like Vari Glyko which means strong & almost honey sweet, Metrios meaning medium sweetness and Sketos mening without sugar. Tzatziki is one of the classic Greek sauces or appetizers with as many varieties as there are cooks who prepare it. In the big family gathering this dish is prepared by Greek homemakers. Chapter Edited by: Perrings CA, Mler KG, Folke C, Holling CS, Jansson BO. Cookies policy. Galaktoboureko is a great Greek dessert with crispy perfection. This can lead to a situation, in which females are only permitted plants and insects as food, while the menfolk are free to ingest meat, egg, and fish [7]. Google Scholar, Simoons FJ: Eat not this flesh: food avoidances from prehistory to the present. Most religions declare certain food items fit and others unfit for human consumption. Very informative indeed. Field work by the author in Papua Niugini of several weeks each in 1972 (Onabasulu and neighbouring tribes), 1998, 2002, and 2004 (Kiriwina), during which the author stayed with the locals in their villages or homesteads and then studied the locals' entomophagic practices as well as food taboos, forms the basis for the information given in example 2. Greek food like souvlaki, gyros, and kebabs are probably the first things that pop into your mind when you think about what to Science. Greek Yet, this is a highly debated view and no single theory may explain why people employ special food taboos. Roe PG: The cosmic zygote: cosmology in the Amazonian basin. Ecol Soc. We spent 16 days in Greece and ate many of these dishes. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Thus, the crow is thought to be poisonous and is rarely eaten. 1998, 13 (3): 11-19. Have you forgotten about Tirokroketes, one of the best Greek food. In a world, in which many persons still go hungry, it is important to realize that numerous societies impose restrictions on what is acceptable as food and that in most cases the full food potential of a given environment is not being made use of. At 20 years of age the human spirit is deemed to be strong enough to successfully compete with the spirits of small monkeys, bat species, cats, anteaters, deer, turtle, larger birds, and even the Malayan bear. Most Greek people call any type of pita wrapped meat a Souvlaki. In Moussaka, tomato sauce is used to cook minced beef which is subsequently layered with sweet eggplants and creamy bchamel sauce. The lamb was delicious! Dressing is left at persons choice hence all restaurants serve vinegar, salt, pepper and olive oil with the salad. People, & places were fabulous. A Brahmin cannot even imagine bringing such foods into the house. Instead of tomatoes other vegetables are also used and baked until it turns to brownish color. Thank you so much for sharing all these recipes! Im giving you practical tips, exclusive tools and the inspiration to stop dreaming about your bucket list and start living it. But I liked these too. Even if you dont go that far south, you could still enjoy authentic Greek food made by Greeks. I find it very helpful and relevant. American Food Bucket List: 60 Foods in the USA to EatSantorini Bucket List: 30 Best Things to Do on the Greek IslandSee the Mount Athos Byzantine Monasteries in GreeceTake a 44 Jeep Adventure Through Central GreeceSee a Movie at an Open Air Cinema in SantoriniEat a Greek Salad in Greece5 Greek Islands You Should Definitely Explore This YearHave a Romantic Sunset Dinner Overlooking the Santorini Caldera, yummy yummy yummy i want them all i want to sit there and eat one after the other lol :D tasty read. Thus, one of the aims of food taboos is to highlight particular happenings, making them memorable. ), which can magnify effects of seasonal or other restrictions on nutritional intake and may put women at nutritional risk during critical periods in their reproductive cycle. It would be a waste not to try them all (if possible) while in the heart of Mediterranean culture. Snakes and other venomous or dangerous creatures had better be left alone as the risk of procuring them for food can outweigh their nutritional value. Theres alot of overlap between Greek and Turkish food, but both are popular all over the world. Ive always been a fan of pastries and this dish might be the first food Id try in the Greek cuisine. Interpreting the biblical record, mankind was not allowed to eat any meat at all until after "the Flood", although as part of the holy sacrifice of animals to God the consumption of kosher meat had been allowed [37, 38]. Of course there are similarities, but no need to argue on a nice blog people . We love Greek food especially gyros yum!!! Pregnant women in Tanzania and Indonesia also dont eat fish. Intraspecific competition may be involved, differences in hunting and/or collecting skills and strategies, acquired through learning or chance discovery, could be the reason, and there could even be an outwardly not visible physiological basis for such kinds of behaviour. ), Fodor's may use your email address to send you relevant information on site updates, account changes, and offers. Only the name is similar:), Well I have never heard that you put sumac in cacik, Small lizards and leeches are considered to be unclean to the jungle Orang Asli. This is a very popular Cretan meze, found in most (if not all) Greek restaurants. Posner R: The 613 Commandments. It all looks so incredible. 1997, Oxford, Blackwell, Lacroix E: Van empirische ditetiek naar rationale ditetiek. Tomaotokeftedes or tomato fritters are traditional meze and main course vegetarian food item in Santorini and Syros. It s BAKLAVA. If a menstruating woman eats a fresh animal caught in a trap, it is thought that future traps will not fall; if the animal was caught with a dog, it is feared that the dog will lose its ability to find scent. The You can have this food in breakfast dishes or as a dessert. Wow ! Meyer-Rochow VB: The diverse uses of insects in traditional societies. This wine matches superbly with dishes containing mint, rosemary and dill. Many practicing Jews abstain from non-kosher diets; Islamic law prohibits food items that are not. Such behavioural and/or emotional consequences of certain foods must have been recognizable not only to the consumer of the food, but also to her/his company and could have been the origin of such seemingly God-given guidelines. Balee W: "Ka'apa" ritual hunting. A cat would happily devour the meat of an antelope and a lion would not reject a mouse, but both are not built for these kinds of food items. THANK YOU, most of these dishes are Turkish food Ethos. Its spanakOpita and taramOsalata though :). Please dont close your eyes to realities. National Center for Biotechnology Information Smyrna meatballs are so incredibly aromatic and full of flavour. Even in the U.S., where turtle soup was once a delicacy, you wont find it on most menus anymore. Particularly strict taboos govern what chiefs are permitted to eat. Souvlaki, chunks of skewered pork, is still Greeces favourite fast food, served on chopped Gourmet Greek Foods | Tassos Onabasulu and neighbouring tribes with institutionalized homosexuality, like the Kaluli and others, regard with great suspicion any organism that lives or burrows in the soil [25]. 1996, 58 (3): 201-237. in Flemish. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. Finally, it ought to be mentioned that any food taboo, acknowledged by a particular group of people as part of its ways, aids in the cohesion of this group, helps that group stand out amongst others, assists that group to maintain its identity and creates a feeling of "belonging". Anthropos. It has, for instance, been suggested that the food taboos of both Jews and Hindus reflect not the nutritional needs, but the explicit concerns of the pastoral peoples' that they once were [78]. If you cant plan a trip to Greece to try their delicious cuisine, at least try to visit a local Mediterranean cafe and see what they have to offer. If the men intend to go fishing for sharks, they not only have to abstain from sexual intercourse for a while, but they also have to fast (posuma) and drink a large quantity of saltwater beforehand. Inside the leaf you will get meat of ground lamb or beef (sometimes both) and rice stuffing. Ill make sure Ill taste them all again when I will be able to do so. You should also add grilled fresh octopus and kaimaki to your list. 1994, London, Routledge, 250-256. Tropenlandwirt. Mintz SW, Du Bois CM: The anthropology of food and eating. For example, the socially excluded inhabitants of the village of Boitalu are the only people on the Kiriwina Islands that can eat wild pig and wallaby (a small species of kangaroo). In Italy, France, Germany, China, and Japan. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. They offer plat du jour (menu of the day). READ MORE. 1995, Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publ, 281-299. J Ethnobiol. Int J Circumpolar Health. However, they somehow distinguish the name by the meat that is used. 2007, 31 (5): 752-774. Turopitakia are in triangles. Its my first visit to your blog, and I have found it so useful and informative especially this. Thanks! Great that we get to have Persian food for the trip we chose to go on! Drewnowski A, Levine AS: Sugar and fat from genes to culture. Thus, the selection of the examples represents a mixture between emic experiences from within a culture and etic approaches, i.e., results of field work amongst cultures other than the author's own and research carried out by additional investigators on yet further cultural entities. Varoulko Restaurant 1930, New York, Alfred Knopf. Please search what they did to us, what they did to our values, women and kids. And that -with few exceptions where endocannibalism was the accepted practice and parts of a human corpse were ritually consumed as in certain tribes of Papua Niugini- is almost everywhere a taboo [7375]. 10.1086/432827. Wonderful recipes for Greek food. 1986, 11 th Int Sociol Assoc Conference, New Delhi. Food taboos at menstruation, during and after pregnancies, on the sickbed in times of illness, in times of mourning, in preparation for a wedding, or before combat are commonly encountered [48]. Simple but nothing quite like it! As one of the seven Noachidic Laws, the prohibition to eat flesh of a living animal applies to Jew and non-Jew alike. If anything, it will make you want to start saving to visit Greece to try the real thing! This cuisine mostly contains nuts and butter along with sugar. However, illegal harvesting and trade is still a threat because turtle eggs are considered aphrodisiacs, and sea turtles are also in religious ceremonies in some cultures. CAS 1989, 77: 436-443. Food taboos Psychiatry Res. jessica that is not good language there could be kids on this website and u are shereing this toxic behaver but i cant lie that shit dose look good. Poisonous and harmful animals are also taboo, but the dangers that result from eating certain species are frequently less real or physiological than spiritual/psychological. Most food taboos understandably center around meat, as theres a lot more to grapple with when the food in question used to be live, breathe, move, and think. However, taboos around fruits and vegetables also existand theyre absolutely fascinating. The Yazidis of the Middle East avoid lettuce for one of two potential reasons. February 25, 2021 by Melissa Douglas. In the context of this review, the Orang Asli were chosen as an example of a people, in which food taboos appear to serve a double-purpose: the spiritual well-being of individuals and resource partitioning. greek food taboos greek food taboos The taboos associated with French dining have more to do with manners than with cultural beliefs. It is considered rude to rush through a meal or hurry your order along. You also never want to ask for a doggy-bag or leave food on your plate, the implication being that you did not enjoy your meal. In some parts of Ishan, Afemai, and Isoko Divisions pregnant women avoid snails, whereas pregnant women of the Asaba Division are neither allowed to eat eggs nor drink milk, "because it is feared the children may develop bad habits after birth" [30]. Moreover, it is claimed that pig meat contains substances, which have been linked to high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, rheumatism, arthritis, boils, asthma and eczema. Revani is a very popular dessert which is nutty and grainy with some lemony flavor. Ecological implications of minilivestock: potential of insects, rodents, frogs, and snails. 1977, 72: 734-748. This feta cheese food comes into different shapes & sizes. Pregnant women have strict food taboos to observe and must restrict themselves to rats, squirrels, frogs, toads, smaller birds and fishes, that is animals which are small and thought to possess "weak" spirits. Now I cant wait to go. J Nutr. Dietary rules and regulations may govern particular phases of the human life cycle and may be associated with special events such as menstrual period, pregnancy, childbirth, lactation, and in traditional societies preparation for the hunt, battle, wedding, funeral, etc. This ensures their welfare and survival when no longer able to hunt for the 'right food' [72]. Freuchen P: Book of the Eskimos. Nonverbal communication is a very important part in communication in every culture. Current Anthropol. 4 to illustrate how, in this case, the spiritual aspect dominates all food taboos. Looks like Im going to have to add Greece to my travel bucket list! 90 % of what is called Turkish food has been adopted from Byzantine and Middle Eastern cuisine anyway Pastitsio is a baked pasta dish including ground beef and bchamel sauce. Although it is not clear why and how exactly these restrictions came to be accepted (see below), pregnant women do not always adhere to them. Food taboos Foods That Are Considered Taboo Around The World As hinted upon earlier and demonstrated in several studies, most notably [1419], food taboos frequently seem to have an ecological background, which according to Harris [7] is based on utilitarian principles. Samson KT, Chen FH, Miura K, Odajima Y, Iikura Y, Rivas MN, Minoguchi K, Adachi M: IgE binding to raw and boiled shrimp proteins in atopic and nonatopic patients with adverse reactions to shrimp. Examples 1 and 3 (Orang Asli and Mid-West Nigerian food taboos) were chosen from the literature available, because they illustrated yet other aspects and reasons for food taboos, not covered in the earlier mentioned examples. Food taboos are known from virtually all human societies. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Bucket List Journey gives every person in the world the tools and inspiration to live their bucket list one checkmark at a timefounded by Annette White. Here in Corfu potatoes boiled with skins on, till very soft, drained, seasoned and slowly folded into good olive oil with chopped parsley is Heaven on earth. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. +(91)-9821210096 | how to say nevermind professionally in an email. PubMed This is not an overly sweet desserts and it is indeed a delightful addition to any dining table. Declaring a food item taboo for one section of the population, can of course, lead to a monopoly of the food in question by the remainder of the population [7]. Ninety eight percent of the calories in the diet of the Ache are supplied by only seventeen different food sources. 1998, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press. Your taste buds will be mesmerized by its flavored texture, salty & tasty feta cheese with a bit of fresh mint. With an ancient tradition, Greek cuisine has been greatly influenced by both Eastern and Western cultures. And sountzoukakia also contain cumin in large amounts, which regular keftethes dont. Halva is a great combo of four ingredients: oil, semolina, sugar and water. On Pessah (Passover) nothing that is leavened (in other words ordinary bread) is consumed or enters a Jewish home. On a comparative basis many food taboos seem to make no sense at all, as to what may be declared unfit by one group may be perfectly acceptable to another. If youre ready to indulge in traditional Greek cuisine an easy way to do so is to take a food tour. Odebiyi AJ: Food taboos in maternal and child health: the views of traditional healers in Ife-ife, Nigeria. Persons of Asian descent traditionally perceive health in connection with the bodily balance of 'hot and cold' and, thus, when under the influence of disease or pregnancy, would avoid food items considered 'hot', which may even include iron tablets [49]. Likewise, the rule of the Orang Asli that young people can only cope with small animals like snails, mice and rats as food, because their spirits are also small and for that reason are not likely to do much harm to a small child's spirit, is designed to protect human life. The coffee is served in the traditional long handled coffee copper pot which is known as briki in Greek. Food unfit for human consumption in one village because of taboos, may, however, be traded for the permitted item from others, who observe other taboos. The stuffing can either be with rice and various herbs or it may contain minced meat. Correspondence to Ingold T: Food taboos and prohibitions. literature is available on food taboos (Douglas, 1966; Levi- Social Science Information & 2001 SAGE Publications (London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi), 40(3), pp. Yet, it is often pregnant and lactating women in various parts of the world that are forced to abstain from especially nutritious and beneficial foods (Mexico: [60]; Indonesia: [61]; Korea: Lee H.-I., pers. I did eat Gyros when i was in Greece and i loved it though it didnt look as good as in your photo. Among all dishes, my vote goes to Choriatiki. Known mainly as the main souvlaki sauce, tzatziki is not only js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; 10.1890/03-5072. Greeks are master of charcoal-grilled and spit-roasted meats. 1972, 25: 789-799. We always put some salt. I plan to visit Greece next year. In some cases the threat to a person's health may be obvious and demonstrable with modern medical, chemical, and other analytical techniques, but of course it was not always like this. Are your taste buds salivating yet? You should also tip taxi drivers, baristas and hair dressers. Kaplan Z: Cruelty to Animals. SHOP buck & co. FOR PRINTABLE BUCKET LISTS >>>. Pasteli is a Greek cusine made of mainly two components; honey and sesame seeds. Shellfish isnt kosher, so Jews refrain from eating lobster, mussels, shrimp, and crab. 1979, 21: 1664-. keep deceiving yourself. Likewise, in tribes with totem beliefs, it follows that it has to be taboo to eat the totem animal, as otherwise it could take revenge and adversely affect the whole tribe [42].

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