Medium = substitution is possible but there may be an economic and/or performance impact, Low = substitution is possible with little or no economic and/or performance impact, If you wish to use the Images in a manner not permitted by these terms and conditions please contact the Publishing Services Department. Use the VSEPR theory to predict the shape of each of the following molecules: . -) Na^+ S 2.5 Draw Lewis structures that follow the octet rule for the following covalent molecules. [12] YIG is also very efficient as an acoustic energy transmitter and transducer. The reason for learning to draw Lewis structures is to predict the number and type of bonds that may be formed around an atom. -) CH3. ::::o-c---n: N F, Classify the following covalent bond as polar or nonpolar. Yttrium iodide | I3Y - PubChem The arrangements of electrons above the last (closed shell) noble gas. And so the Oscar for best supporting role goes to, you guessed it, Yttrium. -) Cu^2+ Electron affinityThe energy released when an electron is added to the neutral atom and a negative ion is formed. Match the words (true/false) in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. -) Cu^2+ Xenotime can contain up to 50% yttrium phosphate. Singular. Lewis electron dot diagrams for ions have fewer (for cations) or more (for anions) dots than the corresponding atom. Yttrium aluminium garnet, also known as YAG, is a very important synthetic mineral. -) C^+ -) H and H -) Mg2N. A horizontal row in the periodic table. Lewis Structures: Dot Symbols, How to Draw, Significance - Embibe [62] Only a few tonnes of yttrium metal are produced each year by reducing yttrium fluoride to a metal sponge with calcium magnesium alloy. One of two binary ionic compounds is often added to toothpaste. -) CH2F2 Data for this section been provided by the British Geological Survey. It increases the strength of aluminium and magnesium alloys. Match the words (true/false) in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. In lithium chloride, Li^+ has no electrons around it. -) O2 O 3.5 Express your answer as a chemical formula. The first two electrons in a valence shell are s electrons, which are paired. H 2.1 When sodium and chlorine react to form sodium chloride, sodium and chlorine molecules are changed into sodium and Chloride ions, Which substance has ionic bonds? Covalent radiusHalf of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond. [50], As yttrium is chemically similar to lanthanides, it occurs in the same ores (rare-earth minerals) and is extracted by the same refinement processes. Then in 1986 two scientists working at IBM in Zurich, Georg Bednorz and Karl Mller, found that lanthanum barium copper oxide became superconducting at what was then almost a record high temperature, 35 degrees above absolute zero. P Cl 5 In ionic compounds containing bromide ions, Br^ is isoelectronic with Kr. The number of electrons in a given shell can be predicted from the quantum numbers associated with that shell along with the Pauli exclusion principle. . [7], Exposure to yttrium compounds in humans may cause lung disease. Write a formula for the name or a name for the formula for the following covalent compound: H What is the Lewis electron dot symbol for each element? Prairie Dogs: A Threatened Species or Public Health Nuisance? A Lewis electron dot diagram (or electron dot diagram, or a Lewis diagram, or a Lewis structure) is a representation of the valence electrons of an atom that uses dots around the symbol of the element. .. PUGVIEW FETCH ERROR: 503 National Center for Biotechnology Information 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20894 USA Contact Policies FOIA HHS Vulnerability Disclosure National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health Yttrium iodide | I3Y | CID 83510 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety . It is quite stable in air; rapid oxidation begins above approximately 450 C (840 F), resulting in Y2O3. [11], Organoyttrium chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbonyttrium bonds. In 1794 Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin isolated yttria, a new earth or metallic oxide, from a mineral found at Ytterby, Sweden. Undergo very few chemical reactions. It becomes superconducting at 1.3 K (271.9 C, or 457 F) at pressures exceeding 110 kilobars. -) transferred. [69] Yttrium aluminium garnet (Y3Al5O12 or YAG) has a hardness of 8.5 and is also used as a gemstone in jewelry (simulated diamond). The most familiar application lies in the red phosphor in cathode ray tubes, as used in traditional colour TV sets. COCl2 -) . Spell out the full name of the compound. -) 26 -) Mg2N3. The third shell also has 8 electrons, but things get more complicated after than because the subshells spread out enough that there is overlap between them. 12. The higher the value, the larger risk there is to supply. A Lewis structure is a graphic representation of the electron distribution around atoms. Data for this section been provided by the. [27] Apart from the isotopes 91Y, 87Y, and 90Y, with half-lives of 58.51days, 79.8hours, and 64hours, respectively, all the other isotopes have half-lives of less than a day and most of less than an hour. [63], Yttrium can be used to deoxidize vanadium and other non-ferrous metals. Se Pseudoscience: A Threat to Our Environment, Clean Air Act Contributing to Mercury Problem, The Heat facing Outdoor Wood Furnaces & Boilers, Increased Mercury Levels Attributed to Industrial Activities, Environmental Pollution of the Concord River, Plastics - From Recycling Bin to New Product, RoHS: Europe's Initiative to Control Technological Waste, The Chemistry of Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Molar Mass Calculations and Molecular Weight Calculator, Stoichiometry: Molarity, Molality and Normality, What You Do and Don't Know About Fluorine, USDOT HazMat Placards CD & training modules, J.K. Barbalace, inc., website development, Plagiarism, Copyright Infringement and Fair Use, Kitchen Renovation - Coming in 2010 or 2011, Prairie Dogs: Small mammal, big controversy. The Lewis structure was named after Gilbert N. Lewis, who introduced it in his \ (1916\) article "The Atom and the Molecule .". A vertical column in the periodic table. The theory of low temperature superconductivity has been well understood since the BCS theory of 1957. Express your answer as a chemical formula. Lewis Dot Structures - Definition and Example | Chemistry - Vedantu Stress associated with long-term problems beyond one's control is known as resilient. What is the formula of ammonium nitrate? This website collects cookies to deliver a better user experience. Ammonia (NH3), Silane (SiH4), Hydrogen Selenide (H2Se), and Carbon Tetraiodide (CI4). However, the BCS theory does not explain high temperature superconductivity, and its precise mechanism is still a mystery. In Molecule Builder Mode, you build specific compounds that can be found in nature. -) NF3 Drawing dot structures (video) | Khan Academy -) Fe^2+ [80], A neodymium-doped yttrium-aluminium-garnet laser has been used in an experimental, robot-assisted radical prostatectomy in canines in an attempt to reduce collateral nerve and tissue damage,[81] and erbium-doped lasers are coming into use for cosmetic skin resurfacing.[6]. A magnesium atom (Mg), on losing two electrons, becomes a magnesium ion (Mg^2+). N 3.0 -) I^- A measure of how difficult it is to compress a substance. If you would like to link to this page from your website, blog, etc., copy and paste this link code (in red) and modify it to suit your needs: echo Periodic Table of Elements: Yttrium - Y (EnvironmentalChemistry.com)- Comprehensive information for the element Yttrium - Y is provided by this page including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides and technical terms are linked to their definitions.. NOTICE: While linking to articles is encouraged, OUR ARTICLES MAY NOT BE COPIED TO OR REPUBLISHED ON ANOTHER WEBSITE UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES. -) (NH4)2NO3. In the usual situation, where yttrium is in a mixture that is two-thirds heavy-lanthanide, yttrium should be removed as soon as possible to facilitate the separation of the remaining elements. .. The fifth, sixth, and seventh electrons pair up with first three electrons. Relative atomic mass .. . -) Ag2SO4. -) chlorine is more electronegative than hydrogen. Atomic radius, non-bonded -) Mg3N2. The major reason why learning Lewis dot structure is important is that it helps in predicting the number and type of bonds which can be formed around an atom. -) undergo many chemical reactions. Each allotrope has different physical properties. The first four electrons are arranged singly. -) True -) Fe^+ The electrons are added one at a time moving around the core atom until each side of the atom has a single dot before the electrons are paired. Yttrium compounds are used in optical glasses and as catalysts. The oxalate is converted into the oxide by heating under oxygen. It is minimally invasive and patients can usually be discharged after a few hours. Besides the white sesquioxide, yttrium forms a series of nearly white salts including the sulfate, the trichloride, and the carbonate. Lewis structures, also known as electron dot structures, are named after Gilbert N. Lewis, who described them in a 1916 article titled, "The Atom and the Molecule." Lewis structures depict the bonds between atoms of a molecule, as well as any unbonded electron pairs. The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase. The atomic number of each element increases by one, reading from left to right. Titanium(IV) LYP cells have essentially the same nominal voltage as LFP; 3.25V, but the maximum charging voltage is 4.0V,[83] and the charging and discharge characteristics are very similar. -) 1+ . A double covalent bond between carbon and oxygen. Use the VSEPR theory to predict the shape of each of the following molecules: Br 2.8 He eventually published his theory of chemical bonding in 1916. The Cl^- ion and the K^+ ion are isoelectronic. For example, Fe^2+ is iron(II) ion and Fe^3+ is iron(III) ion. -) Na^2+ The atomic number of each element increases by one, reading from left to right. Palladium(II) Lewis Dot Structures Professor Dave Explains 2.44M subscribers Join Subscribe 23K Share 1.4M views 7 years ago General Chemistry Finally, you'll understand all those weird pictures of molecules. -) become non-metals. The maximum number of electron dots that an element can have is eight. -) ions. C2N2 So, that is yttrium for you. [29] Since yttria was found to be a mineral and not an oxide, Martin Heinrich Klaproth renamed it gadolinite in honor of Gadolin. -) Fe^+ In 1843, Carl Mosander investigated yttrium oxide more thoroughly and found that it consisted of three oxides: yttrium oxide, which was white; terbium oxide, which was yellow; and erbium oxide, which was rose-coloured. Commercially, yttrium is separated from the other rare earths by liquid-liquid or ion-exchange extraction, and the metal is produced by metallothermic reduction of the anhydrous fluoride with calcium. These monitor the amount of oxygen in the exhaust gases and sends feedback to give the best air-fuel mixture into the engine. The radioactive isotope yttrium-90 has medical uses. A chlorine atom has seven electrons. Elements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. pp. Its ionic radius is near the radii of dysprosium and holmium, making separation from those elements difficult. Atomic emission spectrum-can be used to determine if the element is apart of an unknown compound. In rats, inhalation of yttrium citrate caused pulmonary edema and dyspnea, while inhalation of yttrium chloride caused liver edema, pleural effusions, and pulmonary hyperemia. One of two binary ionic compounds is often added to toothpaste. The higher the value, the larger risk there is to supply. An electron-dot symbol, or Lewis electron-dot structure, can be used to represent the number of valence electrons in the atom of an element. -) hydrogen transfers an electron to chlorine. The reaction Cr(CO)6+PR3\operatorname{Cr}(\mathrm{CO})_6+\mathrm{PR}_3 \longrightarrowCr(CO)6+PR3 Cr(CO)5PR3+CO[R=P(nC4H9)3]\mathrm{Cr}(\mathrm{CO})_5 \mathrm{PR}_3+\mathrm{CO}\left[\mathrm{R}=\mathrm{P}\left(n-\mathrm{C}_4 \mathrm{H}_9\right)_3\right]Cr(CO)5PR3+CO[R=P(nC4H9)3] has the rate law of rate =k1[Cr(CO)6]+k2[Cr(CO)6][PR3]=k_1\left[\mathrm{Cr}(\mathrm{CO})_6\right]+k_2\left[\mathrm{Cr}(\mathrm{CO})_6\right]\left[\mathrm{PR}_3\right]=k1[Cr(CO)6]+k2[Cr(CO)6][PR3]. The up side of this is that yttrium compounds make very good host materials for other lanthanides. The number of protons in a cation must always be ________ the number of electrons. Radioembolization is a low toxicity, targeted liver cancer therapy that uses millions of tiny beads made of glass or resin containing radioactive yttrium-90. .. H . National Center for Biotechnology Information . What is the formula of copper(I) sulfide? The temperature at which the solidliquid phase change occurs. -) H2. Or add 1 % of neodymium to YAG and you get the most widely used solid-state laser material. -) lose electrons. -) I^- Lewis Structure of H2O - BYJU'S A Lewis structure is based on the concept of the octet rule, in which atoms share electrons so that each atom has . A magnesium atom (Mg), on losing two electrons, becomes a magnesium ion (Mg^2+). Draw Lewis structures that follow the octet rule for the following covalent molecules. In the periodic table, the elements are placed in "periods" and arranged left to right in the order of filling of electrons in the outer shell. 6.1 Lewis Electron Dot Symbols | Introductory Chemistry - Lumen Learning Commercial use of the Images will be charged at a rate based on the particular use, prices on application. In 2009, Professor Mas Subramanian and associates at Oregon State University discovered that yttrium can be combined with indium and manganese to form an intensely blue, non-toxic, inert, fade-resistant pigment, YInMn blue, the first new blue pigment discovered in 200 years. This is where the artist explains his interpretation of the element and the science behind the picture. [64], Yttrium compounds are used as a catalyst for ethylene polymerization. Which molecules are polar? -) ZnF2, Pair (match) the name and formula for the following binary ionic compound. Such materials are used in the "cool white" fluorescent lamps. Table of Contents. -) ZnF2. CAS number [5] Yttrium is almost always found in combination with lanthanide elements in rare-earth minerals, and is never found in nature as a free element. [61] When quaternary ammonium salts are used as extractants, most yttrium will remain in the aqueous phase. -) Fe^+ -) shared. That was Uppingham School's Simon Cotton with the multiple roles and uses of Yttrium. Cl 3.0 This is calculated by combining the scores for crustal abundance, reserve distribution, production concentration, substitutability, recycling rate and political stability scores. Investigators are looking into depositing YBCO on top of flexible metal wires, and research into this continues. A horizontal row in the periodic table. Aluminum forms monatomic ions with a charge of Lewis Electron Dot Structures - Detailed Explanation with Examples & Videos Where more than one isotope exists, the value given is the abundance weighted average. Four electrons are arranged singly first around the element's symbol. Yttrium | Y | CID 23993 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more. Y. [63] Yttrium compounds can serve as host lattices for doping with different lanthanide cations. Major applications include hosts for red phosphors for fluorescent lamps, colour displays, and TV screens that use cathode-ray tubes. At levels of 500mg/m3 (2.9107oz/cuin), yttrium is immediately dangerous to life and health. Why does this rate law have two terms? Boiling point [39][40] A fourth oxide, ytterbium oxide, was isolated in 1878 by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac. -) True He put dots around the symbols so that we see the valence electrons for the main group elements. Electronegativity (Pauling scale)The tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself, expressed on a relative scale. You might need: Periodic table. Cl atom = +1 and each O atom = -1 What is the formal charge on each atom in CN C = 1, N = 0 Using formal charges and the octet rule, determine which Lewis structure of OCN is most stable. The element is named after ytterbite, a mineral first identified in 1787 by the chemist Carl Axel Arrhenius. .. Spell out the full name of the compound. [7] The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) limits exposure to yttrium in the workplace to 1mg/m3 (5.81010oz/cuin) over an 8-hour workday. Spell out the full name of the compound. Ca^2+ always has one electron around it. Half of the distance between two unbonded atoms of the same element when the electrostatic forces are balanced. : Br . 2. Yttrium is often used as an additive in alloys. [46] About 31ppm of the Earth's crust is yttrium,[6] making it the 28th most abundant element, 400 times more common than silver. [f][33][34][35], Friedrich Whler is credited with first isolating the metal in 1828 by reacting a volatile chloride that he believed to be yttrium chloride with potassium. -) MgO That has the unusual property of conducting oxide ions, making it very useful in these fuel cells. -) chlorine H O, Classify the following covalent bond as polar or nonpolar. [43][44], In 1987, yttrium barium copper oxide was found to achieve high-temperature superconductivity. -) CH4. He thought he had found a new tungsten mineral, and passed the specimen over to Johan Gadolin based in Finland. [12] 89Y has a mass number close to 90 and has 50 neutrons in its nucleus. The metal is used as an alloying addition to ferrous and nonferrous alloys for improved corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance. -) covalent. Write the name for the compound that contains tin(II) and fluorine. You're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by. The metal itself was first isolated in 1828 by Friedrich Whler and made by reacting yttrium chloride with potassium. -) shared. Figure 1 shows the Lewis symbols for the elements of the third period of the periodic table. This means they. The first four electrons are arranged singly. : Xe : Pornographic, defamatory, libellous, scandalous, fraudulent, immoral, infringing or otherwise unlawful use of the Images is, of course, prohibited. Draw Lewis structures that follow the octet rule for the following covalent molecules. -) linear. Enter the chemical symbol of the ion. Draw Lewis structure for potassium oxide. Pairing of electrons occurs from the fifth electron. -) CuBr2 [78], A technique called radioembolization is used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma and liver metastasis. The reason for this is still not clear, but it is known that the vacancies occur only in certain places in the crystal, the copper oxide planes, and chains, giving rise to a peculiar oxidation state of the copper atoms, which somehow leads to the superconducting behavior. The radioactive microspheres are delivered directly to the blood vessels feeding specific liver tumors/segments or lobes. Values are given for typical oxidation number and coordination. -) NH4N : Cl : C : Cl : Colourless, unspectacular, but undoubtedly fulfilling a lot of important supporting roles. [27] Isotopes with mass numbers at or above 97 are also known to have minor decay paths of delayed neutron emission. Vanadium(V) Smith's 117, however, was a strange material that could be used to open a window to another dimension. -) CuBr2 What is the Electron Dot Notation for Yttrium? - Answers Write a formula for the name or a name for the formula for the following covalent compound: Which of the following compounds is NOT polar? [12] Yttrium nitride (YN) is formed when the metal is heated to 1000C in nitrogen. High = substitution not possible or very difficult. [7], For the hacker group sometimes called YTTRIUM, see, Metastable isomers have higher-than-normal energy states than the corresponding non-excited nucleus and these states last until a. Earths were given an -a ending and new elements are normally given an -ium ending. Si . Now next week we've got an element that could take us into another dimension. -) True Lewis used dots to represent the valence electrons in his teaching of chemical bonding. Draw Lewis structure for lithium bromide. Yttrium metal is produced by reducing yttrium fluoride with calcium metal. In no event shall the RSC be liable for any damages including, without limitation, indirect or consequential damages, or any damages whatsoever arising from use or loss of use, data or profits, whether in action of contract, negligence or other tortious action, arising out of or in connection with the use of the material available from this Site. Draw the Lewis electron dot symbol for each element. [49], As of April2018[update] there are reports of the discovery of very large reserves of rare-earth elements on a tiny Japanese island. Lewis Dot Diagrams of the Elements - GSU Which of the following statements regarding Lewis dot symbols of ions are false with respect to outermost electrons? A molecule that has a partial positive charge on one end and a partial negative charge on the other end is a Please share and/or link to this page if you find it useful or informative. The number of dots equals the number of valence electrons in the atom. -) Na^2+ Members of a group typically have similar properties and electron configurations in their outer shell. -) tetrahedral. All group 3 elements have an odd atomic number, and therefore few stable isotopes. [48] Normally, as little as 0.5 milligrams (0.0077gr) is found in the entire human body; human breast milk contains 4ppm. Your task is to correctly arrange the atoms to form . -) uncharged. Some elements exist in several different structural forms, called allotropes. [27][c] Multiple excitation states have been observed for 80Y and 97Y. Yttrium also finds use in fuel cells for powering cars and buses, computers and digital phones and, potentially, buildings. In the hydrogen chloride molecule, HCl, the chlorine end of the molecule is more negative than the hydrogen end because -) MnCl2 Molar mass calculations are explained and there is a JavaScript calculator to aid calculations. The number of dots equals the number of valence electrons in the atom. Group An electron-dot symbol, or Lewis electron-dot structure, can be used to represent the number of valence electrons in the atom of an element. -) NH2I, The electronegativity values of some elements are shown in the table below. .. This is approximately the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. -) I^- -) HS2. These bonds can be single, double, or triple. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, "Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Yttrium and Compounds", "Formation of Yttrium Oxide Clusters Using Pulsed Laser Vaporization", "Rediscovery of the elements: The Rare EarthsThe Beginnings", "Rediscovery of the elements: The Rare EarthsThe Confusing Years", "Carl Gustaf Mosander and his Research on rare Earths", "Ueber die das Cerium begleitenden neuen Metalle Lathanium und Didymium, so wie ber die mit der Yttererde vorkommen-den neuen Metalle Erbium und Terbium", "History of the Recommended Atomic-Weight Values from 1882 to 1997: A Comparison of Differences from Current Values to the Estimated Uncertainties of Earlier Values (Technical Report)", "Superconductivity at 93 K in a New Mixed-Phase Y-Ba-Cu-O Compound System at Ambient Pressure", "Treasure island: Rare metals discovery on remote Pacific atoll is worth billions of dollars", "The rare earths; their minerals, production and technical use", "Review of the World Market of Rare-Earth Metals", "International Mineralogical Association - Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification", "Monazite-(Ce): Mineral information, data and localities", "Xenotime-(Y): Mineral information, data and localities", "Spark Plugs: What's Next After Platinum? The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon-12. Drawing Lewis diagrams (video) | Khan Academy Two American professors, Maw-Kuen Wu and Paul Chu, together with their research groups at the University's of Alabama and Houston, studied yttrium barium copper oxide. Ammonia (NH3), Silane (SiH4), Hydrogen Selenide (H2Se), and Carbon Tetraiodide (CI4). Lewis structures are mostly applied to covalent molecules, and while it is exceedingly uncommon you should do the same for ionic compounds. [6] The carbides Y3C, Y2C, and YC2 can be hydrolyzed to form hydrocarbons. [29], Until the early 1920s, the chemical symbol Yt was used for the element, after which Y came into common use. [26][a] Such a slow process tends to favor isotopes with atomic mass numbers (A = protons + neutrons) around 90, 138 and 208, which have unusually stable atomic nuclei with 50, 82, and 126 neutrons, respectively. C2H4 But LYP offers higher cathode stability, and prolongs the life of the battery, by protecting the physical structure of the cathode, especially at higher temperatures and higher charging / discharge current. The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material. At least 32 synthetic isotopes of yttrium have been observed, and these range in atomic mass number from 76 to 108. [13] Concentrated nitric and hydrofluoric acids do not rapidly attack yttrium, but other strong acids do. Yttrium | Y - PubChem Names of simple positive ions (cations) are derived from those of their parent elements and simply add the word "ion". c. For the general reaction in part b, will bulkier ligands tend to favor the first order or second order pathway? The sum of the oxidation states within a compound or ion must equal the overall charge. Allotropes The pure element is relatively stable in air in bulk form, due to passivation of a protective oxide (Y2O3) film that forms on the surface. Spell out the full name of the compound. [65] Yttrium is used in gas mantles for propane lanterns as a replacement for thorium, which is radioactive. 3. Draw Lewis structures that follow the octet rule for the following covalent molecules. Yttrium is concentrated in the HREE group because of its ion size, though it has a lower atomic mass. This has inspired lots more studies over the past 20 years. Chapter 4 Flashcards | Quizlet -) False. For example, the electron-dot symbol for chlorine, Cl, which has seven valence electrons, can be represented as follows: It is also used in the making of microwave filters for radar and has been used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation. Write the name for the compound that contains sodium and fluorine. Spell out the full name of the compound. .mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}Y3(Fe,Al)5O12 and Y3(Fe,Gd)5O12) have important magnetic properties. It was called an earth because it was yttrium oxide, Y. Introductory Chemistry- 1st Canadian Edition . 1213). But LYP offers higher cathode stability, and prolongs the life of the battery, by protecting the physical structure of the cathode, especially at higher temperatures and higher charging / discharge current. .. .. .. -) carbon

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